Understanding HIV: Five Essential Facts

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a major global public health problem that has claimed millions of lives over the decades. Despite scientific advances and improvements in health systems around the world, the fight against HIV continues, and it will take a huge effort to curb its spread and impact. This article explores key facts about HIV that are essential to broadening public understanding and better informing health decisions.

1. Understanding HIV and its impact around the world

HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system fight infection. If left untreated, HIV reduces the number of these cells in the body, making a person more susceptible to other infections or infection-related cancers. Over time, HIV destroys so many of these cells that the body can no longer fight infection and disease, leading to the most advanced stage of HIV infection: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). According to UNAIDS, an estimated 38.4 million people worldwide were living with HIV in 2021. Despite the high rates of HIV infection, advances in medical technology have enabled many HIV-positive people to live long, productive lives.

2. Transmission routes and prevention strategies

One of the most important things to know about HIV is to understand the routes of transmission. HIV is transmitted through body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, and breast milk. The most common ways to contract HIV are through unprotected sex with an infected partner, sharing needles, syringes, or other injection equipment, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. It is important to dispel the myth that HIV can be transmitted through casual contact, saliva, or mosquito bites. Prevention measures include using condoms during sex, taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) (a drug for people at high risk of HIV), and using clean needles. According to the 2021 UNAIDS report, the latest data shows that about 85% of pregnant women with HIV receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent the virus from being transmitted to their children during delivery.

3. Advances in HIV treatment

The development and improvement of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has brought major changes to HIV prevention and treatment. ART prevents the virus from replicating in the body, protecting the immune system and preventing the onset of AIDS. Studies have shown that ART is effective in suppressing viral load to undetectable levels, which also means that the virus cannot be transmitted through sexual contact. This concept, known as "U = U" (Undetectable = Untransmittable), is a breakthrough discovery in the fight against HIV. By 2021, 73% of people living with HIV globally will have access to antiretroviral treatment. Continued advances in treatment options highlight the importance of regular medical checkups and compliance with prescribed medical plans for people living with HIV.

4. Social Impact and Challenges

HIV/AIDS has a significant social impact as it affects the most productive age groups, leading to reduced labor supply and rising medical costs. Stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV remain prevalent, which can lead to psychological and social problems such as isolation, depression or anxiety. It is critical that workplaces, educational institutions and healthcare providers create a non-discriminatory environment where everyone feels safe and supported. HIV awareness and education can help overcome the stigma and discrimination that many people face. In response, global organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) are advocating for "zero discrimination" and promoting equality in healthcare and other areas.

5. Importance of Testing

Knowing one's HIV status provides important information that benefits not only individual health but also public health. Early detection and diagnosis allow for timely antiretroviral treatment, which can extend life, reduce the risk of HIV transmission, and significantly improve quality of life. Despite the benefits of early diagnosis, approximately one in five people living with HIV are unaware that they are infected with HIV. As a result, health services around the world recommend regular HIV testing as part of standard health screening programs, especially for high-risk groups. Many regions offer free or low-cost testing services, making them more accessible to more people.

Fighting HIV/AIDS involves not only medical interventions, but also overcoming social stigma and promoting a deeper understanding of the virus. Through continued education, scientific research, and community support, there is hope that the spread and impact of HIV can be reduced. As we continue to foster a non-judgmental and supportive environment, we should also strive for wider access to prevention measures and treatment. A world without AIDS is one step closer.